India overhauls colonial-era laws with new criminal codes

India on Monday implemented an overhaul of colonial-era criminal laws, praised as a "watershed" movement by the top judge but which critics said could worsen an already glacially slow pace of justice.

Amit Shah, the interior minister, said the codes would help India "become the world's most modern justice delivery system."

The three overhauled laws, the penal code, and codes relating to criminal procedure and evidence, were passed last year during India's previous parliament, but only came into effect on Monday.

Chief Justice D. Y. Chandrachud said they "signify a watershed moment for our society."

Laws dealing with sexual assault have been strengthened, while a previous law criminalizing sodomy has been removed.

Key changes include the amount of time police can hold a suspect rising from 15 days to 60, and, in some special cases, up to 90.

Previously it was up to a judge to decide if a case could proceed to trial, but the new laws bolster the power of the police to decide, something Supreme Court lawyer Nipun Saxena criticized.

"Judicial functions cannot be transferred to police," Saxena said.

The code has also been modernized, requiring video recordings to be made at the scene of serious crimes, as well as updating admissible digital evidence.

But critics say the new laws could create confusion, as they will run parallel to those on trial charged under the previous system.

India already has a notoriously slow justice system, with millions of cases pending in the courts at any time.

Saxena warned the changes could increase the number of cases awaiting trial by "30-40 percent."

Opposition parties said the laws were passed when more than 100 lawmakers were suspended from the house,...